SAS Data Files: SAS Indexes Definition of SAS Indexes For example, suppose you want the observation with SSN (social security number) equal to 4: • Without an index, SAS accesses observations sequentially in the order in which they are stored in the data file. SAS reads each observation, looking for SSN=4 until the value is found or all observations are read. • With an index on variable SSN, SAS accesses the observation directly. SAS satisfies the condition using the index and goes straight to the observation containing the value without having to read each observation. You can either create an index when you create a data file, or create an index for an existing data file. The data file can be either compressed or uncompressed.

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For each data file, you can create one or multiple indexes. Once an index exists, SAS treats it as part of the data file. That is, if you add or delete observations or modify values, the index is automatically updated. Benefits of an Index • For WHERE processing, an index can provide faster and more efficient access to a subset of data. Note that to process a WHERE expression, SAS decides whether to use an index or to read the data file sequentially. • For BY processing, an index returns observations in the index order, which is in ascending value order, without using the SORT procedure even when the data file is not stored in that order. Note: If the SORT procedure is used, the index is not used.

• For the SET and MODIFY statements, the KEY= option allows you to specify an index in a DATA step to retrieve particular observations in a data file. In addition, an index can benefit other areas of the SAS System. In SCL (SAS Component Language), an index improves the performance of table lookup operations. For the SQL procedure, an index enables the software to process certain classes of queries more efficiently, for example, join queries. For the SAS/IML software, you can explicitly specify that an index be used for read, delete, list, or append operations. Even though an index can reduce the time required to locate a set of observations, especially for a large data file, there are costs associated with creating, storing, and maintaining the index.

When deciding whether to create an index, you must consider increased resource usage, along with the performance improvement. Note: An index is never used for the subsetting IF statement in a DATA step or for the FIND and SEARCH commands in the FSEDIT procedure. Index File The index file may show up as a separate file or appear to be part of the data file, depending on the operating environment. In any case, the index file is stored in the same SAS data library as its data file.

The index file consists of entries that are organized hierarchically and connected by pointers, all of which are maintained by SAS. The lowest level in the index file hierarchy consists of entries that represent each distinct value for an indexed variable, in ascending value order.

Each entry consists of • a distinct value • one or more unique record identifiers (referred to as a RID) that identifies each observation containing the value. (Think of the RID as an internal observation number.) That is, in an index file, each value is followed by one or more RIDs, which identifies the observation(s) in the data file containing the value. (Multiple RIDs result from multiple occurrences of the same value.) For example, the following represents index file entries for the variable LASTNAME: Avery 10 Brown 6,22,43 Craig 5,50 Dunn 1 When an index is used to process a request, such as a WHERE expression, SAS does a binary search on the index file and positions the index to the first entry that contains a qualified value. SAS then uses the value's RID(s) to read the observation(s) that contain the value. Subsequent entries' higher (greater) than the requested value are found by reading the remaining entries and then following the pointers to entries that contain higher values. The result is that SAS can quickly locate the observations that are associated with a value or range of values.

For example, using an index to process the WHERE expression, where age >20 and age 7; quit; If you issue the following PRINT procedure, which refers to the SQL view, along with a WHERE statement that specifies the key variable STATE, SAS cannot optimize the WHERE statement with the index. Mac App Store Cracked Apps Update Automatically.

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